I’m going to let the fingers roam free on the keyboard here without any preparation since this very topic is one that I have built a business around over the past 5 years.  It is a delightful area where body meets bike and bike meets body.  It cannot be viewed as a bike fit only.  The ability of the rider to move through their low back and hamstrings has a huge influence on the set-up of the bike and one that we will look at later in the blog.  It is the reason why physiotherapy and bike fit marry up so well and why there are physio bike fitters all over the place in Australia, a benchmark country for sports science.  It is the reason why I called this leg of my business ‘The BikeFit Physio’. 
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I could go on and on about the science of cycling, which fortunately for physio bike fitters around the world, is improving with more and more research papers being published in the area.  To avoid an ultra-long blog post however, I’m going to focus on a type of bike fit that I have been faced with a lot since Ironman Ireland came to town and I’ll give my opinion and present the scientific findings as they come up. 

Here is the scenario: client comes in with their road bike and some tri bars attached to it and says “Can you give me a bike fit please and set me up with the tri bars too”.   Hmmm, my reply is always the same,  "Do you want this bike to be more of a road bike or a TT bike, because you can’t have the best of both!"  They are simply two different beasts that can’t work as one.  Generally speaking, a TT bike set-up involves a higher saddle position because it is significantly further forward (closer to the handlebars) and also an entirely different pelvic position and placement on the saddle.  Most road bike saddles are not designed to allow the rider to sit comfortably in a TT position.  I have seen road bikes with the nose of the saddle pointing down by more than 8 or 10degrees (that’s a lot) in order to allow the rider to get into the tri bar position without huge discomfort/numbness/pain to the saddle area of the body.  This adjustment has a negative impact on saddle stability.  We will talk about saddle stability later, but for now it is simply the ability to control the movement of your pelvis on the saddle.  The other consequence of riding around with the saddle nose pointed down more than 4 degrees is the extra load placed on the quad muscles.  That slight slope on the saddle is resulting in the quads having to work overtime to keep the rider from slipping forward.  The quads are already working hard along with the glutes as the main pedal pushers, so extra work placed on this muscle group is not a wise move when it comes to cycling economy (energy used at known cycling intensity). 

I would like to extend this point to all cyclists no matter what bike you ride.  If you are dropping the nose of the saddle in order to relieve numbness/pain/problems, you are missing a trick with regards to your bike fit.  Perhaps the saddle is simply too high causing you to self-select the lower part of the saddle, which happens to be the nose of the saddle and also the area with much less surface area for weight bearing.  This then causes numbness due to compression of the pudental nerve.  It is also far less comfortable for obvious reasons.  The quick fix, drop the nose of the saddle.  The result, yes, it may reduce numbness but it will certainly reduce stability also.  We can measure this through saddle pressure mapping technology developed by a clever bunch of German professional bike fitters and researchers who go under the name GebioMized.  This is effectively a saddle shaped sock that fits over the saddle with hundreds of sensors that detect force going through the saddle when the rider is cycling his/her bike.  The saddle pressure mapping will identify where the rider’s centre of pelvic pressure is on the saddle, and this centre of pressure is tracked as it moves during cycling.  If the centre of pressure moves excessively (GebioMized have worked out these stability ranges through research), which would happen in the case of a high saddle position causing rocking of the pelvis, then we know the rider is not stable.  Instability is linked with low back pain, saddle sores and a reduction in performance.  It is also associated with neck and shoulder issues because the rider tries to gain stability through the handlebars to make up for the lack of stability on the saddle.  The old straight arm tight grip scenario comes to mind.  Not the only reason for straight arms I should add, another common reason is having too much force through the arms and not enough force through the saddle.  In other words, poor weight distribution on the bike.  A fantastic feature about the saddle mapping kit is that it tells me the force going through the saddle and if this is not at least 50% of the cyclist’s body weight, then we know there is excessive force going through the arms and hands.  Numb hands anyone??
I realise that I am getting a little tech-y here, so I’m going to point you towards a video where I recorded the technology in use with a cyclist who was experiencing saddle numbness after 45mins of cycling.  The video shows clearly the changes we made to his saddle map pressure distribution with lowering the saddle by 5mm and bringing it 8mm closer to the handlebars.

​Before I bring the focus back to the road bike being both road bike and TT bike rolled into one, I would like to clear up one cycling myth that does the rounds.  You’ve all heard it being said, saddle soreness is part of cycling, toughen up and get on with it.  Have a look at the response to another one of the survey questions, where I asked “Is saddle soreness just part of cycling??”

It is simply not true.  Granted it can be difficult to address all the possible factors at play that can lead to saddle issues

• Bike fit and saddle position
• Saddle type not suiting the cycling posture and flexibility of the individual
• Cycling bib shorts
• Personal hygiene

But it can be done.  Females especially are sometimes slow to come forward and reveal the saddle issues they are experiencing.  I tend to ask the “Do you get any saddle issues” question twice over to my female clients for this reason.  Females tend to roll their pelvis forward more so than men, as a generalisation, when putting down an effort on the bike.  This can cause pressure and irritation to the soft tissues and lead to pain and swelling.  
Right, back to the subject at hand here.  If the cyclist does want their road bike to be converted into a TT bike then we go about the changes necessary for this transition.  Best to describe this using an example of a previous client. 

​Night and Day!! Huge differences between the two set-ups here. More upright torso angle allows for a more open hip angle at 12pm (top of pedal stroke) and therefore allows the cyclist to carry more power across the pedal stroke. That slight forward roll of the pelvis on the saddle improves the overall posture on the bike which will greatly reduce neck and low back discomfort.  New TT saddle called the “Stride”, designed by GebioMized, allowing this set-up to happen by providing a surface at the nose and transition area of the saddle for the cyclist to weight bear through.

A drastic change to his bike was required to allow him to take on a TT position.  As it happens, the gentleman ended up buying a TT bike and reverting this one back to a road bike!

In my professional opinion, in the case of a road bike with TT bars on it, it is best to prioritise the bike fit towards the road bike and then acknowledge that when moving into the TT position it will be a compromised TT position.  In that the shoulders will not be sufficiently above the elbows to give that pillar-like support to the upper body, making the TT position less comfortable, less sustainable but at least optional!
​
Here’s another nice example of a triathlete presenting with a road bike but was full sure she wanted the bike to be transformed into a TT bike for the season ahead.  The season never actually happened due to the C-word that I said I wouldn’t mention back in the first blog of this series!

​To explain this case study, we would start with the initial position on the left side of both images above.  Of all the angles used in bike fitting, the knee angle when the foot is at 6pm is the most researched.  The research is saying to aim for an angle within a range of 138 to 145 degrees.  The reason it is a range and not an exact angle is because of the ability of the cyclist to allow their hamstrings and low back to stretch and reach the larger knee angles within the range, while those with poor flexibility need to stay in the lower end of the range until their flexibility improves.  If you look at the bike fit image on the left, you will see a knee angle of 145.5 but also an ankle angle of 32.5 degrees.  This is an important finding.  The ankle is reaching here to get to the 6pm section of the pedal stroke.  What is more important to note here is that the research shows when cycling for longer periods of time the heel will inevitably drop due to fatigue in the calf muscles and the heel can drop also when applying more power through the pedal.  Both of these instances will cause the knee angle to increase and subsequently end up outside the recommended knee angle range.  The triathlete in this case did have good ability to stretch through her hamstrings and low back but was clearly not stable on the saddle in this pre bike fit set-up.  Looking at her saddle map, which is far more sensitive compared to looking at joint angles, we can see a red line that is angled significantly away from horizontal telling us that her pelvis is rotating excessively and also her centre of pressure moved too much in the north to south direction, indicated by the black squiggly line!  This effectively means that her pelvis tilted forward and tilted back excessively when cycling in this position due to the over-reaching lower limb.  The saddle was a road saddle which meant that she could not weight bear through the nose of the saddle and therefore needed to take up a position on the middle of it, causing more lower back flexion as seen in the image above.  The same client was experiencing low back pain on the bike when cycling in the tri bars and this was something we set out to resolve with the physio bike fit.
We fitted her bike with the same GebioMized TT Stride saddle and reduced the saddle height by 7mm to allow the knee angle to fall within the acceptable range and the same goes for the ankle angle.  You can see a very different saddle pressure map in that the centre of pressure is now positioned where it should be when cycling in this aero position, that is on the nose but more than 40mm back from the very tip of the saddle nose.  You can also see a more stable centre of pressure with a lot less movement.  It is hugely important to have stability on the saddle when cycling in the aero position because the more the cyclist needs to shift and reposition their pelvis on the saddle, the more they are taken out of their aero position.  This is why saddle stability is now an indicator of aerodynamic ability.  By allowing this client to sit further up the saddle we could allow her shoulder to position itself within 90-100 degrees over the elbow, an important factor to support the upper back and shoulders.  
Here's what she had to say afterwards:
“Great service from John, he knows his stuff.  Bike a lot more comfortable on long spins and on the turbo…..got a TT saddle from John which allows me to get closer to the TT bars.  John also gave me some useful bike related exercises to do.  All round great experience!”
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Lastly, I would like to add that there should be a plan to work with two positions on a TT bike during a bike fitting.  An active shrugged position and an inactive more relaxed position.  The active shrugged position is used for periods of training and racing when the rider wants to increase speed and reduce wind drag  This is now a widely used tactical move by triathletes around the globe. The more habitual/relaxed position is adopted for the majority of the time spent on the bike during training and racing.  
I have added images of a triathlete in both of these positions below.  The bike measurements are exactly the same for both of these positions, all that is different is the shrugged position.  The shrugged position is obtained by allowing your upper spine to fall between the shoulder blades and also rotating the pelvis that little bit more anteriorly (tilting the pelvis/hips forward).  Please note, not all cyclists can get into this position, it requires a good level of mobility throughout the spine and lower limbs. 
The upper traps also need to be conditioned in order to sustain this shrugged position.  We will cover this in the next and final part of this blog series on resistance training for triathlon.

I will leave it there for now.  Please, please don’t hesitate to get in touch if after reading through this you have a question that you would like to ask.  I am very happy to hear from you and to hear you are reading the blogs!  

John Phelan
MSc Physio, BSc Nutrition
www.thebikefitphysio.com
info@thebikefitphysio.com

​So, let’s start this blog by taking a trip back to the survey that went out to over 90 triathletes who have signed up for the Cork Ironman festival this year.  I asked “Is weight loss part of your Ironman training in 2021”?  Out of the 91 respondents, 43% said yes and 57% said no.  I then asked this exact question:
Did you know that the PNOE gas analysis unit can determine your resting metabolic rate?  This is a key number of calories required to maintain weight and so will inform how to achieve healthy weight loss. The RMR test will also tell what your preferred fuel source is at rest, and the goal for weight loss and endurance athletes is to move the preferred fuel source towards fat in a ratio of 70:30; fat : carb. 
The answer was a resounding No!  87% of the respondents did not know this service existed and may not have known about the objective of shifting the predominant fuel source at rest towards fat in order to successfully achieve and maintain weight loss and perform well in endurance events.  We have already discussed the benefits of low-end metabolic efficiency (burning fats effectively at low to moderate exercise intensity) in the 2nd blog, so I’ll leave a link to that here.  The purpose of this blog is to identify the pitfalls that can occur when attempting to lose weight whilst training, or just attempting to lose weight in general.
 
Basal or resting metabolic rate.  This is simply the amount of calories you burn when at rest, or doing nothing.  The major organs in the body such as the brain, heart, liver and kidneys use up about half of the resting energy while fat, your digestive system and your muscles account for the rest.  For this reason, it can fluctuate, not only due to increasing and decreasing muscle, it can even be influenced by e.g., hormones during the menstrual cycle.  Age is another factor that will reduce our resting metabolic rate, even if we do our best to maintain lean muscle mass.  Genetics play a role too, the research however is still not clear on this.  One thing that is clear is that your basal metabolic rate accounts for 60-80% of total energy expenditure for the day.  This is an important statement for those of us who are training and maybe believe that physical exercise is the biggest energy cost in their day.  This could of course be true if said person ran a marathon or cycled a stage of the tour.  However, when the bout of exercise is within your standard training volume, then be aware that you don’t then over-consume calories.  And please don’t rely on watches that tell us we have burned 3000 calories after an easy cycle!!
A key factor here is how can we increase our basal metabolic rate in order to better manage our body weight. 

• Build more muscle
• Avoid drastic diets

Crash diets will significantly slow our metabolism/reduce our resting metabolic rate because the weight loss happens too quickly.  Naturally the body’s resting metabolic rate will reduce when we achieve weight loss because of the probable loss in muscle but also because the organs and muscles do not need to work as hard to move a lighter body.  With slow gradual weight loss the metabolic rate drops slightly but doesn’t plummet. 
 
How do we find out our resting metabolic rate?
There are a number of equations and formulas out there that use your height, weight and age to calculate your RMR.  However, there is large room for error here as they do not account for muscle metabolism and oxygen consumption simply because they are not measured.  Gas analysis is the way to measure these metrics and this technology has advanced in recent years.  The PNOE portable gas analysis device is the system I am using at the clinic and I am finding it a revelation for my nutrition service and also for helping people train appropriately for their goals.  It allows me to see what is going on at a physiological level with the person in front of me.  

​Have a look at this screen shot below from a previous client’s resting metabolic rate report. It shows the fuel usage ratio at rest.  This client was tested back at the end of December when he decided he wanted to train and eat appropriately for the following 9 months in preparation for the full Ironman triathlon in August.  Let’s call him Mr. IM.  He was quick to tell me that his training was mostly made up of trying to run 5k as fast as he could.  He also wanted to lose weight during his structured training plan.  We tested his RMR and then he was onto the bike for a VO2Max ramp test protocol to look at how his physiology behaves at low, moderate and high-end intensities.  The RMR test showed a large shift towards carbs as a fuel source (83% carb : 17% fat) when at rest and the same trend happened during his fitness test when we looked at the data afterwards.

​And to complete the picture, here is the discussion of the data following Mr. IM’s gas analysis fitness test.  This screen recording is very interesting in that it completes the physiological story belonging to Mr. IM which ties in with his RMR report.  In it we discuss:

• Typical ramp test protocol for measuring VO2Max but also for analysing fuel usage during exercise
• We speak about the cross-over point where fat burning starts to decline and carb burning rises (this marks the end of zone 2 by the way)
• We also show you a metric based on oxygen usage per breath.  This is a marker of metabolic efficiency at high-end intensity and you get to see how we identify the limitation, i.e you can see at what heart rate/power did efficiency drop off significantly.

 Here is the aforementioned video blog on my own RMR report evaluation.  In it we discuss:

• the fuel usage ratio
• What it means to have a slow or fast metabolism and what is it based on
• We look at the calories required to stay alive and then show you how to work up to a daily calorie requirement that suits your needs with the help of the Energy Balance chart above.
• When weight loss is the goal, we cover what your calorie targets should be and cover the points that lead to sustained weight loss. 
• Lastly, the danger of negative energy availability is discussed and how to avoid. 

Falling prey to the post low-moderate exercise binge.  This is a really interesting area and I’m sure has significant psychological connotations wrapped up with the physiological ones!  Ok, so we do a hard session on the bike for instance, it was 2.5 hours in length and contained a lot of hills where the group pushed hard and the overall effort levels were in the 6-7/10 range on the scale of perceived exertion.  (See blog number three for more info around this, training load management and running gait analysis). This type of training session will need a proper recovery as far as nutrition is concerned.  This means consuming a meal with carbs and proteins to replace muscle glycogen and build muscle, respectively.  We know now after reading the 2nd blog that carbohydrate is required when training at this intensity, so it should be no surprise that a ratio of 3:1 carb:protein is recommended after such an intense session.  You should aim to get at least 35g of protein in this meal.  An attack on the kitchen shelf is ok here, and a binge is called for, provided it contains the proteins.  Now, if we change it up a little and give the example of the 45year old experienced cyclist who wants to lose weight and has just completed a Sunday cycle with her two friends, which was 2 hours in length but conversation was always possible and there was a lot of it!  Hills were scarce and the few hills that did feature were taken very conservatively and gently.  This cyclist needs to be very careful when she comes in the door and walks towards the kitchen.  She is in a very different physiological state compared to the example above.   She may feel she has earned the right to eat everything in sight and psychologically this may make sense, but it doesn’t make physiological sense! This is because her body will not be craving recovery nutrition and so her usual daily diet will suffice.  Her usual daily diet should provide sufficient calories to look after her RMR and her activities of daily living, while the calories burned during the two-hour cycle will support her weight loss goals.

Eating during exercise, or not.  The same applies for the male/female cyclist out for an easy spin.  Pack appropriately here.  Putting a gel in your back pocket is fine, but it should only be used in an emergency.  It would be more appropriate to bring a complex carbohydrate here like an apple or even a peanut butter rice cake.  When cycling at an easy intensity, the body should be using a mix of carbs and fats, but significantly more fats will be utilised over carbs if the cyclist is metabolically efficient at low intensity.  In this instance, the cyclist will not require much, if any fuel for a 60-90min cycle.  If on the other hand the cyclist is not metabolically efficient and is burning more carbs than fats, they should try to not feed this poor ratio by eating simple sugars on such a low intensity ride.  This can happen very easily with a stop at a café for a scone or snacking on a Nutrigrain or Nature Valley bar.  This is not helping their weight loss if that happens to be a goal and certainly not helping to improve their muscle metabolic efficiency (fat burning efficiency).  For this category of cyclist/triathlete/runner/person, a good idea would be to do the same easy spin/jog but in a fasted state.  First thing in the morning after a black coffee is a nice way to do this.  The key factor here is that the exercise session needs to be low intensity and can be perhaps 45-60mins to start with before gradually extending the time.  Very slight increases to the intensity can be added but would need to be done so slowly over an extended period of time so that you remain in a fat burning state.  By training in a fasted state, you are encouraging your body to use fat stores to provide the energy for the session.  But remember, the main indicator for fuel usage by the body is exercise intensity.  It is vital that you stay in zone 2 for these sessions in order for them to be effective.  And it is equally important that you know what zone 2 is for you, which brings us back to blog 2 and the importance of gas analysis testing.    

On the topic of fasting, there is very clear evidence coming through on how beneficial it is for everybody to allow their body to be in a fasted state for at least 12hours.  The friendliest way of doing this is to stop eating at 7:30pm (brush your teeth to put a cap on your consumption) and then break your fast with breakfast at 7:30am.  Clearly a very difficult challenge for someone working night shifts.  On that matter, science does show that people working late shifts for long periods of time have higher rates of cardiovascular disease, obesity and cancer.  There have been well documented studies in mice where one group of mice are allowed to eat ad lib while the other group are given the same number of calories but only allowed to eat them within a certain time window (8-12hours).  Time was restricted here while the calories were not restricted, as both mice groups were given a high fat and sugar diet in the study.  The mice that ate during the 8-12 hour window did not become obese, had normal liver function, normal cholesterol and showed better muscle mass and lower fat mass.  The other group gained weight (30% increase in body weight) and showed higher cholesterol, fat and  sub optimal liver function.  When they tested the same model with healthier food, similar findings were reported.  The time constrained eating group were certainly healthier compared to the time constrained group on the high fat and sugar diet, but they both shared a commonality in that they maintained their body weight and did not increase in fat mass.  This whole area is called circadian nutrition, or simply eating during our active hours only. 
Interestingly, improved endurance ability was found in the mice that had an 8-9 hour eating window (that is a 15-16 hour fast in 24hour period) but not with the mice that had a 10-12 hour eating window, although both of these groups maintained body weight and shared in the healthy spoils of time restrained eating.  To reiterate, both of these groups did not gain weight compared to the weight gain seen in the mice who were allowed to eat whenever they wanted.  They found increased mitochondrial volume in the liver but also in the brown fat tissue with the 8-9 hour restricted eating group.  You should know after reading the 2nd blog about the importance of mitochondria in endurance training.  Ketone bodies are being produced after 8-10hours of fasting and the link between using ketone bodies as fuel source and their benefit to endurance activity is becoming stronger and stronger.  It is not within the boundaries of this blog to go down that road at this point in time.  Fasting physiology is however still a new science and so more research is needed. 
 
One very recent and fascinating finding around why insulin sensitivity is very different between day and night is around the role that melatonin has with the beta cells of the pancreas, where insulin is made!  Melatonin is made in the brain and in the gut and it can actually inhibit insulin secretion.  Wait for this, for all you romantics out there, having an evening meal with just a candle lighting between you two may not be a good idea!  You have less light which means more melatonin.  That is why calories consumed late at night can have a different effect on the body compared to the same calories consumed earlier in the day.  On a similar note, in a weight loss trial in Spain, one group achieved significant weight loss while the other group had only moderate weight loss. The only difference was that the group who lost more body weight had their lunch earlier in the day compared to the usual later time of 3 or 4pm in Spain.   What is important to add in here is that your eating window starts as soon as you take the first sip of that precious black coffee.  The superbly named Satchidananda Panda is the leading researcher in time restricted feeding.  He is a professor at the Salk Institute in California and author of The Circadian Code.

To refer back to the survey before we call it a day.  The question was asked if an RMR test using the PNOE metabolic gas analysis device combined with a nutritional consultation to facilitate weight loss would be of interest?  The response bodes well for this service in the near future.

If you fall into one of the interested categories, you can read up more about the service here where I also mention the PNOE A1 Nutrition plan that syncs nicely with your RMR result in designing a food plan using the precise calorie requirements to achieve weight loss and maintain it with RMR retests to keep an eye on metabolism and your fuel source ratio.

I'll finish up there, feeling a bit peckish!
Many many thanks for tuning in to the blog series.  I sincerely hope you are getting something from it and please let me know if you happen to have any questions, big or small. 

John Phelan
MSc Physio, BSc Nutrition
www.thebikefitphysio.com
​www.lifefitphysio.ie

If you’re not in, you can’t win.  One Ironman survey participant put it bluntly with his/her piece of advice, “No. 1 rule, don’t get injured”.
This blog is going to try to lay out the top tips to stay off the physio’s patient list!  You might have noticed I didn’t use the old cliché to stay off the physio table.  That’s because I happen to have a little bug bear around that.  When it comes to overuse injuries (stress fracture, shin splints, achilles tendon, calf strain, frontal knee pain, runners knee, IT band, tendinopathies etc.) and you attend your physio, there needs to be an in-depth discussion about your training volume/speed/recovery leading up to the injury.  This chat should happen before you throw yourself up on the table.  The interview, if carried out properly, will steer the diagnosis hugely.  At that point, the table can be used, but only to carry out a series of objective tests in order to confirm or disprove the diagnosis.  Then, and only then, should a finger be pressed against the area looking for the “ow” from the patient.  This logical work up of questions and tests will allow for a non-biased approach and better patient care.  
Let’s move on with the blog now that I’ve got that out of the way!  I plan to stay regimented and straight to the point with this week’s post using bullet points to keep me right.  If you make these part of your endurance training plan, you will have a significantly lower risk of overuse injury.

• Keep your easy sessions easy and your hard sessions hard.  You may have heard this been thrown around your training circles and to be fair, it’s a solid piece of advice. It really follows on from last week’s blog, here where we spoke about the importance of zone 2 training.  If you are dedicating a block of training to zone 2 intensities, then keep these sessions easy.  You may be tempted into working harder because you may believe it will lead to greater fitness gains.  After reading the 2nd blog, I’m hoping those beliefs are now banished.  This tip is simply asking for discipline, so that if you enter a block of training containing tempo sessions (Zone 3) and threshold efforts (Zone 4), then work hard for these sessions and hit the target heart rate/power zones. 

 
NB: It is so important to not interpret the zone 2 recommendations as a blanket recommendation that everyone should do.  Zone 2 training is not useful for someone who already has impressive metabolic efficiency at low intensity training.  They already have high capillary content and mitochondria density, so they are better working in the zones where they are not as efficient.   Gas analysis fitness testing finds out where the client is inefficient, their physiological limitations and the intensities where they do not train.  The advice is to start training where the client doesn’t usually train.  This is called training variability and it is vital to any well-rounded training plan.
 
The Running Shoe
This one may cause a stir amongst my readers!! I'm gonna conserve my bullet points and go in all guns blazin' here! There is no scientific evidence to show that changing running shoes after a certain number of kilometres have any bearing on injury risk.  We know the manufacturer of the shoe sets out a number of kilometres where they recommend changing the shoe like you would the tyre on a car.  There is no research showing this to be the case.  There is also no conclusive research showing the need for a stability shoe to help control over-pronation, or likewise the need for a neutral shoe for those who don’t have fallen arches or otherwise known as over-pronation.  There is a study however with a large sample size where they followed runners for 1 year.  The participants of the study were graded in terms of their foot position from one of supination (high arch) all the way to pronation (flat foot).  The results were interesting in that injury rates were lowest in the group where the foot position was between 7-10 degrees pronation.  This group had injury rates significantly less than all the other groups.  This tells us that a flat foot can be seen as an advantage with respect to running injuries!  To second that statement, there are no studies showing a relationship between over-pronation and increased risk of injuries.  To stay with the science here, the reason why general wear of the cushion in the shoe after so many kilometres is not a reason to go to the shops or online to buy another pair is because there is no research connecting cushioning properties to injury risk.  What may entice you to the shops is when you feel your shoe is no longer as comfortable after however many miles.  That’s the right time to change them.  Comfort is now the new paradigm in the world of running shoes instead of cushioning and pronation.  Comfort is a vague term, it’s difficult to define and to quantify and it’s very subjective, I know.  More research is needed, but for now, the comfort filter is backed by science.  In summary, is that the research does not support the requirement for neutral shoes, stability shoes or hoka shoes in order to reduce injury risk.  In practical terms, you should try on lots of shoes and go with the ones that feel the most comfortable.  If they still feel comfortable after 6 years including the 2015 Dublin marathon under their belt, then that’s absolutely fine and will not put me at increased risk of injury!  I say this because it’s true.  Myself and Aisling ran the 2015 Dublin marathon together, and stayed together for the entire thing.  We still run in the same runners! 

Allow adequate recovery.  This is a huge topic to cover so I’ll keep it to the following points

• Zone 2 sessions require much less rest and recovery between them.  There is no issue with training consecutive days in zone 2.  The same could be said for zone 3 (tempo).  Once the athlete is experienced and has years of training under their belt, then tempo training sessions can be carried out over consecutive days, but nutrition and sleep quality would need to be paramount during such a training block. 
• Follow a structured progressive plan that includes a recovery week every 4th week.  Be kind to your body and allow it to recover by not continuously applying a progressive training stimulus to it.  Overtraining and overreaching are one sure way of getting yourself injured.  The research backs this up as well, showing stagnation and even reversal of fitness with overtraining.  One well known metric called Training Stress Score (TSS) allows you to monitor your training load.  The algorithm will denote a score to your training session and you can tot these up at the end of the week, making it easy to plot your plan and make room for the recovery weeks when they come round.  If you don’t use a fitness tracking platform and don’t use TSS, then think about your rate of perceived exertion.  This is your very own internal measure of how hard you are training.  You could simply score your session on the scale of 0-10 and then multiply that by the number of minutes to give you an overall score for the day.  Add up your numbers at the end of the week to give you a total RPE value.  You could even go one better and copy one of my clients who keeps an excel account of his training and in it he splits the session into training zones. Zone two through to zone five.  His Garmin (with heart rate strap) tells him the time spent in each zone and then he rates the RPE for each zone and then multiplies this rating by the length of the training within each zone, then adds them together to give him a total number at the end of that day.  Here is a little sneak peek of this man’s work.

• Sleep: This is when the magic happens.  We need between 7-9 hours of it per night.  Sleep is when the body and brain get to work in making the necessary changes to our physiology, and that’s just one of many other fascinating things that happen when we sleep.  The importance of sufficient sleep has finally made it to the front and centre of our minds thanks to the great research in the area over the years.  I won’t go into it any further here, but can highly recommend a very interesting read “Why We Sleep” by Mathew Walker.  It will seriously shock you how sleep affects so many parts of our physiology and behaviour.  And it is linked to injury risk.  The risk of injury in teenagers doubles if they get less than 8 hours per night! Poor sleep hygiene is strongly linked to over-training injuries because both our muscles and tendons undergo adaptation and remodeling overnight in order to be able to adapt to the new training stimulus that we are putting our bodies through.  Most over-training injuries involve tendons and are categorised as ‘tendinopathies’.  These include the usual suspects such as achilles tendon issues, patellar tendon at the front of the knee, hamstring tendon at the back of the knee and also don’t forget the hamstring tendon at the other end of the hamstring muscle, on the sitting bone.  These tendon problems are all hugely common in running and triathlon and are usually linked with a sudden change in the client’s training (maybe an addition of sprints to the weekly plan), a failure to allow adequate recovery in the plan, or poor sleep.  It is a known fact that the lockdowns have resulted in a significant rise in tendon complaints around the world. Basically, this is due to people falling into the trap of thinking they could up their training volume suddenly with all the spare time available to them and get away scot-free!  You have been warned!  To avoid falling down the tendinopathy trap, just monitor your training as mentioned above and get in your strength and conditioning during the week.  More on that in a dedicated blog.
• Zone 4 sessions are not to be taken lightly.  These are tough sessions which typically include spending time at threshold intensity with recovery bouts between these zone 4 intervals.  The length of these Z4 intervals can vary, from 2 – 8 minutes.  A session could instead be 30-40mins continuous effort holding this high pace, but is more often a better idea to break the session down into intervals.  It is not recommended to be doing more than 2 of these sessions in one week.

• Zone 5 anaerobic intervals. Or otherwise known as a VO2Max workout.  A typical session would involve intervals of 3-6mins at intensity of 10-15 beats per minute below max heart rate with 3-4mins easy recovery between intervals.  Start with 2-3 of these intense intervals and progress up to 2 sets of 3.  This type of session is often abused and used to much, once per week is the ideal amount.  Another variation of anaerobic training is to spend 90secs at high intensity followed by 3 minute recovery and start with a few and work up to 2 sets of 4.  This will improve your body’s ability to combust lactate or use lactate as a fuel so that it doesn’t accumulate as easy.  We all know what happens when lactate accumulates, we need to slow down.  All of these sessions will of course include a warm up and cool down phase.  Finally, sprint training is done at a supra-maximal intensity, typically 5-20 sec with a long 2-5 min recovery, starting with 3 and building up to 10 reps.

 
Lastly but very importantly, keep tabs on your mood.  Psychological symptoms will usually occur before physiological symptoms.  If you sense a change, this should alarm you to check your training volume/intensity to see if you can detect any overtraining.

This is a good place to point you towards a running performance and injury prevention short video series I made for the Run Killarney event back when the world had not yet met Covid.  I don't know why I let my hair grow that much!  I didn't have the excuse of level 5 restrictions either.

The above Runfit service has progressed from the time when the videos were recorded.  I now use Leomo technology to capture running metrics such as cadence, vertical oscillation, foot strike, recoil angular range, leg swing speed and more.  The best thing about this technology is that it allows for a gait analysis assessment to take place outdoors.
For more information on this service, click here 

Thanks again to all of you for following the blog series. 

John Phelan
MSc Physio, BSc Nutrition
www.thebikefitphysio.com & www.lifefitphysio.ie

 Before I get stuck into this topic, I want you all to know that I do offer a fitness testing service, of the metabolic gas analysis kind, which straight away places me in a position of bias towards the exact title of this here blog!  I want to put that out there first and foremost.  However, I am 100% led by research findings and scientific evidence in my physiotherapy practice, and this blog is no different.
I really feel we should revisit a point made in last week’s blog before we dive into physiological limitations, respiratory capacity v’s capability and metabolic efficiencies!  That is the simple act of enjoying your training.  I touched on exploring the question of “why” you are training and also looking at your training as an opportunity to better your mental and physical health alongside performing well in your target events.
I listened to a friend’s podcast this morning (‘Flip the Script’ is really worth lending your ear to by the way) - Conor O’Keeffe talked about how easy it is for us to move out of the present tense when we are training on a bike or out for a run and start thinking about the future race that you have signed up to and whether you are on target in terms of your fitness and readiness for the race.  He likened it to brewing a cup of coffee, “we’ve got to start enjoying the process of brewing in order to truly enjoy the sipping”.  Same goes for Ironman or any event, long or short distance.  The event is the coffee and the months of training, the brewing. 
In the first blog,  one piece of advice from a previous IM finisher was to “not underestimate the journey”.  I’m guessing this is precisely what he/she meant.  So, let’s remember this, especially when we work with metrics such as tidal volumes, breathing frequencies and VO2Max.  I don’t intend to get knee-deep in exercise physiology here, but rather keep it readable and practical, so here goes.

Fitness test Vs Fitness assessment
A ‘Fitness Test’ will give you a fitness score/report but the data will also identify how you ended up with this score, and what physiological limitations prevented you from scoring better.
A ‘Fitness Assessment’, much like an FTP “test” on a bike or a bleep test, will give you a fitness score only.
Both have their merits and there are appropriate reasons to use both.
Fitness testing is important in endurance training programmes because it reveals the limitations that are hampering the athlete’s progress.  Let’s discuss a typical VO2Max ramp test protocol using a gas analysis testing device.  This test involves wearing a facemask that measures O2 intake and CO2 output, the client initially starts off on the bike/treadmill/rower at a very low intensity.  The intensity is increased by a certain amount every minute until exhaustion.  The information that can be gleaned from this type of test is fascinating and hugely important to know, especially for those who are not seeing improvements in their objectives and those who are lost in the sea of information and misinformation around training principles and metrics. 
This may be a good time to tag in the very recent podcast video recording on Zoom between the head exercise physiologist and physio of PNOE gas analysis, Daniel Crumback, and myself.  We discuss the use of these metabolic gas analysis tests with my own clients and also discuss ‘before and after’ data from my own personal tests.
My personal case study was discussed on the podcast because it really hits home the importance of testing for endurance training.  I’ll talk about it here and if anyone wants to hear and see more, you can click on the link here.  (If you want to bypass the intro and other bits and pieces, then skip to minute 17 to get to the juicy data discussion)

My training patterns changed after the birth of our daughter in August ’18.  With less time available, I swapped out the long bike rides and replaced them with short harder sessions.  My most frequent run was a hard five or six kms into the hills around our house.  I raced sprint triathlons and middle-distance adventure racing.  This type of training continued into 2020 (without the races of course).  So my physiology was set up for short, fast, intense exercise and this is exactly what you see in the data from a VO2Max ramp treadmill test performed on the 11th of September 2020. 

The main finding that I want to draw your attention to here are the two lines that cross over each other and then go their separate ways.  The lighter blue coloured line is my carbohydrate usage as a fuel source during the test and the darker blue line along the bottom is fat usage.  The Pink section of the test is the warm up and the speed was a very easy 5.1km/hr or 11:46minutes per km.  You can already see carbohydrate usage begin to rise within the warm-up period of the test and with each ramp increment representing 1.3km/hr, you can see that by the time I reached 13.2km/hr or 4:33min per km, I was not using fat as a fuel source at all.  This is what is called poor low-end metabolic efficiency.  It is also something you do not want happening if you are working towards a long distance endurance event, such is the Ironman and 70.3.  For these types of events, the goal is to be efficient at fat burning so that you can maintain moderate to high exercise intensity for longer periods.  It’s not all about developing a fat burning engine, capillaries that carry oxygenated blood to the moving muscles will grow when the athlete trains in an accurate zone 2 heart rate range.  It is safe to say that my capillary count was not impressive because I rarely trained in zone 2 in the couple of years before Roisín was born and not once after she joined us!  Same can be said for mitochondrial density and function.  Mitochondria also increase in content with zone 2 training.  Mitochondria are the powerhouses of our cells where energy is made, so it goes without saying that the more mitochondria you have (density) and the better that mitochondria work (efficiency) the better you perform in endurance events.  Research is showing that mitochondrial efficiency is mostly improved with high zone 5 interval work while their density is increased with high training volume in zone 2.  It is a completely different story if your goal is to run 100meters, but that’s for another day’s discussion. 

These are my accurate zones that were identified from the treadmill test on the 9th Sept:
Zone 2: Heart rate range : 102-112
Zone 3: HR range : 112-148
Zone 4: HR range : 148-160
Zone 5: HR range : 160-185

I then set my mind on carrying out the appropriate training in order to improve my low end metabolic efficiency.  I picked a 9km run on flat terrain and for the purpose of the “injury prevention” blog that is coming next, I gradually introduced the volume of kilometers over a few weeks! In order for me to stay in zone 2, I was jogging at a average pace of 6:50min per km.  These were morning runs (2-3 per week) of over 45mins and I preceded them with black coffee only and had breakfast afterwards. The details around nutrition will also be covered in a later blog.  I was also including four to five intervals of zone 5 sprints for 30secs within the zone 2 session, as zone 5 intervals will also grow capillaries and improve mitochondrial function.  This will improve both low end and high end metabolic efficiency, where high end means higher intensity exercise.

I worked away on this plan which also included one or two turbo-training sessions on the bike per week with the same approach.  I didn’t know my zones for the bike and please note, we can not use our running zones for cycling and vice versa because they can be significantly different due to how mechanically efficient you could be on a bike compared to running.  So I used the rate of perceived exertion chart to try and stay in zone 2 as best I could for these sessions. The RPE scale is a nice tool to use if you do not have any interest in monitoring heart rate, power, or fitness testing.  By the end of the 9th week, I recorded a run around the same 9km route but this time the average pace was 6min per km and staying predominantly in zone 2.
​
Time for a re-test: 8 weeks is a good time to re-test especially for someone with potential to change their physiology as much as I did.  If you would like to see a home-made/clinic-made movie of the retest, there it is below.  Warning the quality is not cinema standard!  I somehow managed to complete the test with Roisín running around the clinic causing havoc.

​​I retested myself on the 15th of Jan 2021 using the same protocol and here are the new training zones pulled from the data
Zone 2: 137-151
Zone 3: 151-158
Zone 4: 158-170
Zone 5: 170-189
 
And this is how the data looked on the graphs

Very easy to see the change in fat burning ability here with the darker line (fat usage) staying with the light-coloured line (carb usage) for longer into the ramp test before the final crossover point occurs at a heart rate of 150 beats per minute. 
The training recommendation based on this significant positive change was to continue to work in zone 2 with zone 5 intervals for the rest of January and all of February.  My new zone 2 range meant I could push the boat out some more.  I recorded a recent run at a pace of 5:21min per km with average heart rate of 141 around the same 9km route.  Happy days.
​
The next paragraph gets a little deeper, perhaps deeper than knee deep, into certain respiratory metrics.  For those of you who are interested, keep going. 
Hyperventilating (taking too many breaths per minute) at a low intensity running speed is quite commonly picked up with testing.  This breathing pattern tends to result in lower-than-normal lung volumes (air intake).  When monitoring these metrics in the data after the test, the tidal volumes or litres of air per breath do not increase appropriately as the running speed incrementally increases.  This type of breathing pattern can lead to early fatigue of the diaphragm (our main breathing muscle), causing something called the metaboreflex to kick in which will slow the athlete down.
The metaboreflex is a survival mechanism, it causes a redirection of oxygenated blood to the diaphragm and a reduction of blood supply to the working muscles, which limits performance.
That is an example of a respiratory limitation to exercise performance and can only be detected using gas analysis testing.  In this example, there is certain information we need to know in order to accurately diagnose the limitation.  Is this a respiratory capacity, or a capability issue? To do this, the client’s lung capacity is measured using a spirometer before the fitness test.  This is your standard spirometry assessment where you blow as hard as you can and as much as you can into the spirometer device.  It measures your lung volume (how much air you can fit in your lungs) and your ability to push out air quickly.   If these pre-fitness test measurements are within the predicted norms for your age, height, gender and ethnicity, but your actual fitness test values do not reach at least 75% of your predicted norm, then we can conclude that you have a lung capability issue.  This essentially means that you have good lung volumes at your disposal but you are not using the volume sufficiently when exercising.  On the contrary, if your spirometry scores are below their predicted normal, this is called a respiratory capacity issue and can be improved through specific respiratory training.  An example of respiratory training would be to work on taking deeper breaths and improve your ability to push air out quickly from your lungs. Known diseases that affect lung capacity are taken into consideration.

With better awareness of the type of respiratory limitation comes better tailored advice around training. 
​
I want to wrap up this week’s blog but before doing so, here are some interesting results from the same survey that was used in the first blog.
 
Question 3:
Are you aware of a portable gas analysis device called PNOE that can be used to calculate your VO2Max, resting metabolic rate, training zones, preferred fuel source and exercise limitations?
80% of the 91 respondents were not aware of such technology. 

You can read more on the fitness testing service and take a look at a sample report that is emailed to you following your test along with a zoom call from myself to discuss the data and make training recommendations.  Hit the button at the bottom, and if interested in this sort of stuff and want to be kept in the loop, sign up to the newsletter below.

​Many thanks for reading, for now we got to keep on keepin’ on.
John
Physiotherapist and Nutritionist
www.thebikefitphysio.com & www.lifefitphysio.ie
 
P.S. Conor’s blog is called “Flip the Script”.  His take on life is refreshing in that he speaks from his own learnings while remaining incredibly humble.  He has morphed into an ultra-distance runner over the last three years and has a few projects up his sleeve for when restrictions eventually lift.  He’s the guy that ran around his patio for 24hours in aid of Pieta House! 
 
P.P.S Blood flow restriction and altitude training both share a commonality in that they cause reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia) which results in greater capillary and mitochondrial growth.  This is because hypoxia is one of the key determinants for capillary growth.  It is also worth noting here that both capillary supply and mitochondrial density are really important for pushing up your lactate threshold (point at which lactate does not accumulate) and critical power (tolerable duration of severe-intensity exercise) through delivering more oxygen and removing substrates that cause fatigue.  That goes out to those of you who are into hard training sessions, only.  I for one experienced first hand the benefit of capillary growth and its positive influence on lactate threshold performance when I took on the first race in the Kayathlon virtual racing series yesterday morning, a 5km run, as fast as you can!!  Managed to complete the 5k in 18:50mins, bettering a previous PB set a few years back at the Ballincollig park run of 19:55.  As mentioned earlier and in the podcast, I had not been doing any threshold (intense) training in the past 12 weeks and more.  Bloody couldn’t get over how comfortable I felt on the run.  The science works!

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​Preparation for your mission starts now.  The aim of this long-distance triathlete blog series is to raise awareness in this group of go-getters to what really matters, point out areas that are worth exploring and keep the enjoyment of the journey at the top of the list. 
I will be using results from a recent survey to help structure the first two blogs in the series, and then use my experience in physio, injury prevention, nutrition, bike fit and exercise physiology to steer the rest of the blog posts.
It goes without saying, we have to believe with every muscle cell in our body that our IM Cork event will go ahead as planned on the weekend of the 14th August.  That’s about the only reference to COVID-19 that I wish to make in the series, let’s see how far I get!

The layout of the series will look like this:

• Feedback from the survey, including advice from previous IM finishers.
• The role of metabolic gas analysis testing in IM training plans
• Injury prevention during training; numero uno in the importance stakes
• Weight loss and training for IM; getting the balance right
• Bike fit; trying to turn a road bike into a TT bike!
• Strength training across the three disciplines

The series will include some videos and even a podcast!
Let’s get crackin’.
 
The opening question of the survey had to be, have you ever walked the walk before? Or more appropriately, swam the swim, biked the bike and ran the run!
Out of the 91 respondents, 38 of them were embarking on the Ironman or half ironman challenge for the first time. Bravo to you. I am number 39! This will be my first long distance triathlon and I am absolutely brimming with excitement about the task at hand.  My previous endeavors lie in the adventure racing circles and mountain biking events with a few sprint triathlons in 2019.  Can I add a little more here if I may, since my training and physiology will be analysed later in the blog series and knowing a bit about my sporting background will help with understanding the science.  My training history over the past two and a half years has been one of work hard coz you don’t have loads of time to spare (new baby daughter in the mix back in 2018) and prior to Roisin joining us, I was focused on middle distance adventure racing and resistance training.  I was more of a turbo engine than a diesel engine it would be fair to say.  And it is also fair to say that diesel engines, as much as they are going out of fashion, fair out much better at ironman and half ironman distance events.  More on this later!

​    



​The next question in the survey was “What single piece of advice would you give someone signed up to Ironman Cork 2021”
Now then! This really is the meaty bit of the opening blog, because there’s so much to pick at and dissect here.  I decided to list the comments and stick a number beside it if it came up more than once. 

​The List
Trust, plan and listen to the body
1

Be consistent
3

Stick to your training plan
9

Train the mind as much as the body
2

Pace yourself
2

Visit The BikeFit Physio
X plus 1!!

Wing it
1

Get a coach
6

Wear socks for the run
1

Enjoy it
11

Have a plan
3

Proper equipment is essential
1

Patience
3

Start your programme early
3

Be careful regarding Nutrition
1

Nutrition and put in zone 2 hours in training
1

Mix up training, not focusing on your best discipline and include strength training
1

No.1 Rule, don’t get injured
1

Don’t underestimate the journey
1

Be flexible on a plan
1

Bike leg in Cork is the most important
1

Be consistent with training, no cramming
1

Train most weekends for a few months beforehand!
1

Develop nutrition plan
1

Don’t bluff it!
1

Don’t worry about speed, get base miles in
1

Slow training
1

Find a plan that works for you
1

Prepare well and use familiar clothing on the day
1

Get advice from experienced people
1

 
Take what you wish from the list people, it’s all there.  Including a few sarcastic ones and an ironic combo of “be consistent with training and no cramming” next to “train most weekends for a few months beforehand!”.  Would love to meet the athlete who stuck that one in there, reveal yourself?! Thank you to all the survey responders by the way.  Filling out these things is a generous use of your time, so thank you.

I have highlighted in bold the ones that stand out for me.

We said in the intro that the aim of the blog series is to help you train appropriately and scientifically to allow you cross the finish line with style, but also to enjoy the process.  And the people have spoken here too.  “Enjoy it” was the most popular piece of advice and rightfully so.  We should regularly check-in with ourselves, especially during the darker months of Jan, Feb and March, to recall the reason why we are putting in the time for training.  We are bettering our fitness.  We are improving our physiology to master the task at hand.  We are building muscle to move us and protect us.  I guess I’m saying, look beyond the scheduled 50min run that is in your diary for tomorrow and see it as an opportunity to further improve your current mental and physical state.  This outlook should help muster a sense of internal pride and enjoyment in what you are doing.  Just a thought!
​
Trust, plan and listen to your body: There is a lot going on in this sentence.  Long distance triathlon is not just a physical task, there’s a strong mental component required in order to perform the best you can.  Trusting in your ability to carry out the training, consistently. Trust in your training plan.  Brings in the tip to find a plan that works for you and trust it.  Can I add here that your plan does not need to be massively detailed with meticulous attention to detail and training progression like something a personal coach would provide.  It should however contain an overall objective for each month or two month period from now until the race in August.  Since the objective will dictate the type and amount of training.  For instance, my objective for Jan and Feb and into March is to continue to improve my aerobic base and metabolic efficiency, both at the low and high end of the intensity ladder.  You’ll have to wait until the 2nd blog containing the podcast to get your head around that if you haven’t done so already!  We will talk more about training load management in a later blog, but I would like to add at this point the importance of a recovery week.  Typically every fourth week should contain less intensity and volume than the three weeks that precede it.   
​
Listening to your body is crucial.  My physio brain is tuned in to the potential dangers that lie ahead in my training journey.  In fact, I am currently listening to the ball of my right foot!  In it’s own peculiar way, it’s telling me that I should give it a little TLC.  We are holding daily meetings to feel around the matter and collectively, we make a decision based on the findings and take it from there. 

If you want to witness this meeting between me and my right foot, click here  and if you are happening to be getting some achilles tendon issues or plantar fascia pain, then I would suggest you take a look at a video series I made to guide you through the rehab for those.
​ 
​Achilles tendinopathy : click here
Plantar fascia pain: click here

Another time to listen to your body is when you are too focused on hitting the numbers.  If you’re following a plan and it is suddenly becoming very difficult, step back and listen.  Perhaps you are not getting sufficient recovery, maybe sleep this week has not been up to your usual standard or you have a case of the sniffles.  This is precisely when you should step down off the high horse and be flexible on your plan. 
Speaking of numbers, I am an advocate for certain metrics and firmly believe they help us, especially those backed by good research.  One which I’ve decided to give a go and seems to be well documented is heart rate variability.  The app I am using, which I have no problem recommending is “HRV4training” and so far it looks to be a worthwhile purchase.  HRV is essentially the oscillations between the heart beats over time and is shown to be linked to our autonomic nervous system in order to facilitate the function of the heart and the cardiovascular system.  In short, our HRV can tell us if we are stressed, both physiologically and psychologically.  Over-training is stress on the body, it will appear as a lower HRV score and will put us at increased risk of injury.  For instance, if you let the app measure your HRV at a consistent time, first thing every morning is a good idea, and it comes back as lower than normal.  Then it would be wise to replace that tough training session that you may have scheduled for that day with an easier one.  I see this app as a way of communicating with my heart as we march on with the POA for IM Cork!
​
Patience and start your plan early go nicely together in my view.  The simple reason for starting early is to allow ample time for you to get the slow training in the bank and for this zone 2 training to change your physiology for the better.  By better, I mean adapt your physiology to be able to meet the demand of your ultimate goal of completing the long distance event.  You will not do your body justice in an IM or 70.3 event by adopting the “go hard or go home” motto.  I repeat, you will not fair out well if you refuse to include low intensity runs and cycles in your plan.  These low intensity sessions have a massive influence on improving your fat burning engine’s efficiency and productivity.  In science speak, low intensity sessions will build more mitochondria in the cells and grow more capillaries to deliver blood to the muscles.  Energy used to move the body is made in the mitochondria and oxygen hitches a ride to the working muscles via the blood.  This is your aerobic base people, do not underestimate its importance in assisting us in what we are all signed up to do this August.  More on this next week. 

Lastly, I will cover both nutrition, more on zone 2 training and strength training in later blogs.  Thanks for reading, and watching!

Ciao for now,
John Phelan
Physio & nutritionist
www.thebikefitphysio.com & www.lifefitphysio.ie

All coffee, food and beer (prizes) are included in the price. 
Book your place for Friday 9th of October by clicking on the link below 
​

Our next adventure. Join us.

Need to be a member of Cycling Ireland to join this tour and also have experience of cycling in a small group and ability to maintain an average speed of 20-23km/hr over 70-100km.  

One of the most common reasons for low back pain in cyclists is the inability to move normally at the low back and pelvic area.  In this video, we show you what normal movement is.  Get this right and then allow your pelvis to find a comfortable position on the saddle by using this new movement.

Achilles pain or achilles tendinopathy can really put a stop to cyclists. Learn the reasons why this problem can arise and how to solve it.

This video goes into detail about why a cyclist can develop pain at the back of the knee.  We also cover ways to improve symptoms.